1.1 General

1.2 Nutrition in plants

1.3 Plant nutrients

1.3.1 Classification of plant nutritional elements

1.3.2 Amounts of nutritional elements in plants

2. STRUCTURE OF THE PLANT

2.1. Substances that make up the plant

2.1.1 Inorganic substances that make up the plant

2.1.2 Organic substances that make up the plant

2.1.2.1 Organic compounds that do not contain nitrogen

2.1.2.2 Nitrogen-containing organic substances

3. NUTRITIONAL ACCESS OF PLANTS

3.1 External factors affecting plant uptake of nutrients

3.1.1 Physical, chemical and biological factors affecting nutrient uptake by plants

3.1.1.1 Some physical soil properties that affect nutrient uptake by plants

3.1.1.2 Some chemical soil properties that affect nutrient uptake by plants

3.1.1.3 Some biological factors affecting nutrient uptake by plants

3.1.2 Climate factors affecting the availability of nutrients

3.1.3 Human interventions affecting plant nutrition

3.2 Internal factors affecting plant uptake of nutrients

4. NUTRIENT ACCESS BY PLANTS AND TRANSPORTATION OF NUTRIENTS

4.1 General

4.2 Uptake of nutrients through plant roots

4.2.1 Absorption sites and functions at the root tip

4.2.2 The journey of a nutrient element from soil to plant

4.2.2.1 Transport of nutrients to the root domain (rhizosphere)

4.2.2.2 Taking the nutrient element coming to the root area onto the root

4.2.2.3 Taking the nutrient element transferred onto the root into the root

4.2.2.4 Conduction of water entering the root and nutrients dissolved in water into the xylem

4.3 Plants' uptake of nutrients through above-ground organs

4.3.1 Transition of nutritional elements penetrating the leaf into the xylem to be used in metabolism

4.4 Transport of water and dissolved minerals and organic compounds

4.4.1 Loading of water and mineral substances dissolved in water into the xylem and upward transport

4.4.2 Loading and up-down transport of organic compounds and mineral substances into the phloem

4.4.3 Comparison of phloem and xylem sap in terms of various properties

4.4.4 Horizontal transport of water, mineral substances and organic compounds between xylem and phloem

4.4.5 Transport of nutrients out of the leaf

5. CARBON, OXYGEN, HYDROGEN

6. NITROGEN

6.1 General Features

6.2 Nitrogen in Soil

6.2.1 Ways of soil nitrogen recovery

6.2.1.1 Non-biological nitrogen fixation

6.2.1.2 Biological nitrogen fixation

6.2.2 Transformation of nitrogen in soil

6.2.3 Nitrogen losses from soil

6.2.3.1 The main forms of loss of nitrogen in the soil are as follows;

6.2.4 Nitrogen cycle

6.3 Nitrogen in plants

6.3.1 Main effects of nitrogen on plant development and metabolism

6.3.2 Nitrogen uptake by plants

6.3.3 Nitrogen deficiency in plants

6.3.3.1 General deficiency symptoms

6.3.3.2 Nitrogen deficiency symptoms of various plants

6.3.4 Nitrogen toxicity in plants

7. PHOSPHORUS

7.1 General Features

7.2 Phosphorus in Soil

7.2.1 Phosphorus forms in soils

7.2.2 Transformation of phosphorus in soil

7.2.3 Phosphorus availability in soil and factors affecting availability

7.2.3.1 Physical factors affecting phosphorus availability

7.2.3.2 Chemical factors affecting phosphorus availability

7.2.3.3. Biological factors affecting phosphorus availability

7.2.4 Phosphorus fixation in soils

7.2.4.1 Chemical phosphorus fixation

7.2.4.2 Biological Phosphorus Fixation

7.3 Phosphorus in Plants

7.3.1 Phosphorus uptake by plants

7.3.2 Forms of phosphorus in plants

7.3.3 Main functions of phosphorus in plant development and metabolism

7.3.4 Phosphorus deficiency in plants

7.3.4.1 General deficiency symptoms

7.3.4.2 P deficiency symptoms of various plants

7.3.5 Phosphorus toxicity

8. POTASSIUM

8.1 General Features

8.2 Potassium in Soil

8.2.1 Potassium cycle in soil

8.2.2 Potassium fixation and release (release) in soils

8.2.2.1 Factors affecting potassium availability and fixation

8.3 Potassium in Plants

8.3.1 Potassium uptake by plants

8.3.2 Main functions of potassium in plant development and metabolism

8.3.3 Potassium deficiency in plants

8.3.3.1 General deficiency symptoms

8.3.3.2 Potassium deficiency symptoms in various plants

8.3.4 Potassium toxicity in plants.

9. CALCIUM

9.1 General Features

9.2 Calcium in Soil

9.2.1 Availability of calcium and soil factors affecting availability

9.2.2. Calcium sources of soil solution and calcium losses from soil

9.2.3 Calcium cycle

9.2.4 Effect of calcium on various soil properties and soil fertility

9.3 Calcium in plants

9.3.1 Calcium uptake of plants

9.3.1.1 Factors affecting calcium uptake of plants

9.3.2. Main functions of calcium in plant development and metabolism

9.3.2.1 Main forms of calcium in plants

9.3.2.2 Main functions of calcium in plant development metabolism

9.3.3. Calcium deficiency in plants

9.3.4 Calcium toxicity in plants

10. MAGNESIUM

10.1 General Features

10.2 Magnesium in Soil

10.2.1 Magnesium availability and factors affecting availability

10.3 Magnesium in Plants

10.3.1 Magnesium uptake by plants and transport of magnesium in plants

10.3.1.1 Forms of magnesium found in plants

10.3.2 Main functions of magnesium in plant development and metabolism

10.3.2.1 Basic functions of magnesium in plant physiology

10.3.3 Magnesium Deficiency in Plants

10.3.3.1 General deficiency symptoms

10.3.3.2 Magnesium deficiency symptoms in various plants

10.3.4 Magnesium toxicity in plants

11. SULFUR

11.1 General Features

11.2 Sulfur in soil

11.2.1 Internal sulfur sources

11.2.2 External sulfur sources

11.2.3 Sulfate retention and release (adsorption/desorption) in soil

11.2.4 Sulfur mineralization and immobilization

11.2.4.1 Factors affecting the mineralization and immobilization of sulfur

11.2.5 Sulfur loss from soil.

11.2.6 Sulfur cycle

11.2.7 Sulfur availability.

11.3 Sulfur in plants

11.3.1 Sulfur uptake and assimilation by plants

11.3.1.1 Assimilation of sulfate

11.3.1.2 Assimilation of atmospheric sulfur

11.3.2 Metabolic functions of sulfur

11.3.3. lack of sulfur

11.3.3.1 General deficiency symptoms

11.3.3.2 Sulfur deficiency symptoms of various plants

11.3.4. sulfur toxicity

RESOURCES